Theres a major division in psychometrics that different camps of intelligence theory have been fighting over for the last century. Howard gardner 1983, 1999 supports thurstones idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms. Intelligence theories theory strength weakness charles spearman general intelligence one factor that underlies specific mental abilities factor analysis statistical procedure that identifies cluster of related items different abilities do have tendencies to correlate. Spearman proposed that general intelligence g is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis. The specific factor related to whatever unique abilities a particular test required so it differed from test to test. Should this ambitious programme be achieved even in.
Spearmans theory of intelligence by agatha dellosde on prezi. Spearmans model of intelligence vs gardners multiple. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. Spearmans model of intelligence and gardners multiple. Unit11 intelligence theories theory strength weakness. Some agree on the existence of general intelligence, albeit the nature of g is hotly debated, and some disagree completely with the notion of g. Since spearman first suggested a general factor of intelligence g in 1904, many theorists have developed their own ideas about the nature of intelligence.
Spearmans twofactor theory guilfords theory of structure of intellect s. Some definitions binet defined intelligence as an individuals capacity to. Among the important theories of intelligence, we shall study three of them. Charles spearmans model of intelligence and howard gardners multiple intelligence theory are two of the most widely used theories of intelligence. Using statistical factor analysis spearman identified g, a single underlying intelligence factor he believed accounted for the variety of observable abilities. It described what the results of doable experiments would be if the theory was correct and, just as important, what the results would be if the theory was not correct. In factor analysis, related variables are tested for correlation to each other, then the correlation of the related items are evaluated to find clusters or groups of the variables. Different individuals differed both in their g as well as s factors. Theories of intelligence video cognition khan academy.
In contrast, spearmans theory defines intelligences in terms of the g factor general factor common to different learning experiences. The first theory i want to talk about is the theory of general intelligence which was put forth by a man named charles spearman. Every approach to thinking comes up with its own different perspective and assumptions, often contradicting at least one earlier theory. General intelligence, also known as g factor, refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures. He also did seminal work on models for human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single general intelligence factor and coining the term g. Psychologists have attempted to understand the structure of intelligence for which they have formulated theories. Finally, ceci 1990, 1996 has described multiple cognitive potentials that allow for knowledge to be acquired and relationships between concepts and ideas to be considered. Charles spearmans model of intelligence and howard. A general intelligence factor that according to spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. Spearman proposed this twofactor theory of intelligence in 1904. Those who have only a casual interest in the theoretical aspects of this problem will be more interested. Is intelligence a single overall ability or is it several specific abilities. Originally these tests were not based on any theory of intelligence.
It required that one identify intelligence whatever it wasand distinguish it from what was not intelligence. Multiple intelligence, p ass theory and t riarchic theory multiple intelligence. Charles edward spearman, frs 10 september 1863 17 september 1945 was an english psychologist known for work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for spearmans rank correlation coefficient. Spearman general intelligence pdf general intelligence, objectiver determined and measured. Spearmans twofactor theory or eclectic theory g s1 s2 s3 s4 8. Charles spearman is known for his seminal work on the testing and measuring of human intelligence.
This is in sharp contrast to gardner, who defines intelligence in terms of seven intelligences, such as. When he examined the correlations of these tests with each other, he found that all the correlations were positive, and called this the positive manifold. Intelligence is defined as the ability to obtain and use knowledge in a productive way. Find and maintain a definite direction or purpose adjust strategy as necessary to achieve that purpose evaluate or criticize that strategy so adjustments could be made wechsler the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and. In 1904, charles spearman had developed a statistical procedure called factor analysis. The theory is based on factor analysis, which is a statistical procedure that correlates test scores to identify underlying clusters, or factors. Spearman theory of intelligence pdf many theories of intelligence have been offered through the years. Its components were soon abbreviated to g to represent general intelligence and s. General intelligence the idea that general intelligence g exists comes from the work of charles spearman 18631945 who helped develop the factor analysis approach in statistics. The nature of intelligence and the principles of cognition. Spearmans theory focuses on elementary perceptual processes by using the single g factor, whereas gardners theory recognizes several types of intelligence. Charles spearmans model of intelligence essay mike. Charles spearman developed his twofactor theory of intelligence using factor analysis.
Spearman and his followers place much more importance on general intelligence than on the. Sternbergs theory is called triarchic ruled by three because it deals with three aspects of intelligence. The classical theory of mental tests semantic scholar. Much of the debate about intelligence concerns how best to understand this. Howard gardner suggests that there is more to intelligence than scores on current. Spearmans two factor theory of intelligence has been extremely.
He predicted the idea of a general intelligence, which is sometimes referred to as the g factor, or sometimes just g. Charles spearman started his psychology career relatively late in life, beginning his ph. In 1904 he posited, in the prestigious american journal of psychology, his famous twofactor theory of intelligence. Intelligence tests were developed for the practical function of selecting students for admission or placement in schools. Spearman noted that while people certainly could and often. General intelligence is referred to the existence of a mental capacity that influences the performance on cognitive level. Spearman spearman 1904 gave persons tests of many different kinds of cognitive ability. Theories and issues 23 the critics of gardners theory point out that it is difficult to see how all these seven intelligences meet his eight criteria e. Yet, his technical and theoretical contributions to the development of intelligence research as a scientific enterprise cannot be overstated. A saq answers are given at the end of the chapter try to estimate, on the basis of common sense, whether the correlation between each of the following.
The theory of multiple intelligences howard gardner. The existence of general intelligence was proposed by charles spearman in 1904. Gardner defines intelligence in terms of multiple intelligences. His work on the classical test theory, factor analysis, and the g theory of intelligence continues to in. Spearman tested how well people performed on various tasks relating to intelligence. The second factor charles spearman identified was the specific factor. Charles spearman 18631945 was the leading psychometrician of the early 20th century. In order to understand how similar the two theories are we must first understand their differences. Gardners theory of multiple intelligences, however, is perhaps the best known of. That is an overview of the spearman model, now lets take a look at gardners multiple. In 1904, a pair of remarkable papers appeared in the american journal of psychology. I model thurstons group factor theory spearmans twofactor theory. The positive manifold leads to a large first factor derived from factor analysis, dubbed general intelligence, or g. Spearmans famous g, the general intelligence that we think of in relation to iq scores, is the result of factor analysis, a method of getting at unobserved factors from observed variables.
Theories of intelligence there are different theories about intelligence, none of which agree with each other. Spearmans two factor theory of intelligence youtube. Charles spearman first described the existence of general intelligence in 1904. Spearman 18631945, in 1904 proposed his theory of intelligence called twofactor theory. Spearman had joined the army on leaving school and served. He used factor analysis to examine relationships between peoples scores on different tests or. Spearman gave an overview of the general and specific factors of intelligence. He used factor analysis, which is a statistical procedure to identify clusters of related abilities. Human abilities are too diverse to be encapsulated by a single general intelligence factor. Theories of intelligence there are different theories about intelligence, none of which agreee with each other. Spearmans twofactor theory jammu university 2 year b. It is the oldest theory regarding the nature of intelligence and flourished.
1263 1359 444 191 1066 1312 390 952 428 288 617 1255 202 832 613 715 269 1543 34 803 1012 1551 141 426 1506 88 793 162 927 656 199 422